A model-free way to characterize polymodal ion channel gating

Dec. 27, 2012 ? Two studies in The Journal of General Physiology (JGP) help pave the way for a "shortcut" model-free approach to studying activation of "polymodal" ion channels -- channels that open in response to multiple stimuli. Transmembrane ion channels respond to various physiological stimuli to regulate numerous cellular functions.

Different classes of channels respond to different types of stimuli; some channels, for instance, respond to changes in membrane potential whereas others are activated by ligand binding. Polymodal channels integrate different cellular signals, enabling them to mediate a more precise and flexible physiological response. Understanding the mechanisms involved in polymodal channel activation has been a challenge, however, in part because of the complexity of the models required.

Now, two studies in the January issue of JGP use straightforward thermodynamically rigorous analysis to parse the free energy of polymodal voltage- and ligand-dependent ion channels. In one study, University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers Sandipan Chowdhury and Baron Chanda examine the BK channel -- a channel activated by both changes in membrane potential and calcium binding to an intracellular domain. In the second study, Daniel Sigg (dPET Professional Services) explores gating of polymodal ion channels in general. Specifically, the authors show how to use G-V (conductance-voltage), Q-V (charge-voltage) and conductance vs. ligand concentration measurements to extract the free energies of interaction of the modules of a polymodal channel that respond to these distinct modalities

This new approach opens the door for a model-independent way to studying ion channel gating, which could be useful both for constraining future atomic-scale models of channel gating, and in understanding the disruptions that result from disease causing genetic mutations.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Rockefeller University Press, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal References:

1. S. Chowdhury, B. Chanda. Free-energy relationships in ion channels activated by voltage and ligand. The Journal of General Physiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201210860
2. D. Sigg. A linkage analysis toolkit for studying allosteric networks in ion channels. The Journal of General Physiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201210859
3. O. Yifrach. No model in mind: A model-free approach for studying ion channel gating. The Journal of General Physiology, 2012; DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201210929

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/wmMN8N10jQs/121227142955.htm

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White House urges parties in dock dispute to come to terms (reuters)

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Telescope-toting balloon lifts off from Antarctica

A giant helium balloon is slowly drifting above Antarctica, about 22 miles (36 kilometers) up. Launched on Tuesday from the National Science Foundation's Long Duration Balloon facility on Earth's southernmost continent, it carries a sensitive telescope that measures submillimeter light waves from stellar nurseries in our Milky Way.

"Christmas launch!" officials with NASA's Wallops Flight Facility, which oversees the agency's balloon research program, wrote in a Twitter update on Tuesday. "BLAST launched today from McMurdo Station, Antarctica."

This is the fifth and final mission for BLAST, short for the Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Submillimeter Telescope, and mission designers hope it will reveal why so few stars are born in our galaxy.

On Dec. 12, BLAST was still in one of the two giant Payload Assembly Buildings at the Long Duration Balloon facility, a short distance from the U.S. research center McMurdo Station. Principal investigator Mark Devlin of the University of Pennsylvania and a group of graduate students were mounting a giant sunshade on the telescope, to ensure that the ultra-cold detectors won't heat up during the flight.

"The detectors are cooled to 0.3 degrees above absolute zero, using liquid helium," said Devlin. "If they were any warmer, they wouldn't be able to register the faint submillimeter radiation of cold interstellar dust clouds at just 30 degrees above absolute zero."

Star mystery
After test flights in 2003 in New Mexico and in 2005 in Sweden, BLAST's third flight, in 2006 from Antarctica, was a "mind-boggling" success, Devlin said. The instrument revealed beyond doubt that in the most distant galaxies, new stars were being born at a prolific rate. By measuring the star formation rate in galaxies more than 7 billion light-years away, the researchers determined that over half of the stars in the universe were born within the first 5 billion years after the Big Bang.

"But there's an unsolved problem," added co-principal investigator Barth Netterfield of the University of Toronto, who was assisting the BLAST team with the launch preparations. "BLAST found lots of so-called dark cores in our own Milky Way ? dense clouds of cold dust that are supposed to be stars-in-the-making. Based on the number of dark cores, you would expect our galaxy to spawn dozens of new stars each year on average. Yet, the galactic star formation rate is only some four solar masses per year."

So why is the stellar birth rate in our Milky Way so low? Astronomers can think of two ways in which a dense cloud of dust is prevented from further contracting into a star: turbulence in the dust, or the collapse-impeding effects of magnetic fields. On its new mission, BLAST should find out which process is to blame. [Images: Life at Antarctica's Concordia Station]

The idea is straightforward: Magnetic fields tend to bring electrically charged, elongated dust particles into alignment. If dust particles have a preferred orientation, they will slightly polarize the submillimeter radiation from the cloud. Using polarimeters, BLAST can detect if the radiation is indeed polarized, and if it is, determine the direction of the magnetic field. "If there's no polarization present," said Netterfield, "turbulence must be the reason" why so few dark cores collapse into new stars.

Final mission?
In 2010, on its fourth mission, BLAST was already equipped with polarimeters. However, according to Devlin, "that flight did not do so well because of a melted filter. We have some data, but we know we can do better."

Luckily, repeating a balloon-borne experiment is much easier and much cheaper than re-launching a scientific satellite. After each flight, most of the payload is recovered and can be used again. The BLAST camera has been recovered every single time.

1. Space news from NBCNews.com

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   2. Updated 109 minutes ago 12/26/2012 7:25:07 PM +00:00 Last full moon of 2012 rises Friday
   3. Telescope-toting balloon lifts off from Antarctica
   4. 'Star of Wonder' leaves lots to wonder about

BLAST's fifth flight will probably last between 12 and 14 days. While Devlin, Netterfield and their colleagues are celebrating Christmas and New Year's Eve, the 4,000-pound (1,800-kilogram) stratospheric telescope will observe selected star-forming regions in the constellations Vela and Lupus.

And if senior graduate student Tristan Matthews of Northwestern University Illinois has his way, this may not be BLAST's final mission after all. Depending on the results and the recovery success of the current flight, Matthews hopes to fly BLAST in its present configuration for a sixth time, in the Arctic. "That would give us access to a well-studied and nearby star-forming region in Taurus," he said.

Meanwhile, Devlin has received a $5 million grant from NASA over a period of five years to develop a larger version of BLAST, with a 2.5-meter mirror, compared with the current 1.8-meter aperture. That would vastly increase the number of stellar nurseries that could be studied. "We could fly SuperBLAST in 2016 or so," he said.

Dutch astronomy writer Govert Schilling visited McMurdo Station and the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station as a selected member of the U.S. National Science Foundation's 2012/2013 media visit program. Follow Space.com on Twitter @Spacedotcom. We're also onFacebook and Google+.

? 2012 Space.com. All rights reserved. More from Space.com.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/50297788/ns/technology_and_science-space/

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Tragedy and Romance

Five couples meet in a Lamaze class, but the catch? One couple is gay and have a surrogate, one couple is 50, one couple are teenagers, one couple are having twins, and one couple are interracial. How can it end for everyone?

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This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?True Love and a Baby?. Anything posted here will also show up there.

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Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.
This is the auto-generated OOC topic for the roleplay "Tragedy and Romance"

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Natzalia

Member for 0 years

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Hiya,

This looks really interesting... But have you considered asking everyone who reserves a role to take one female and one male? Because, I think you're going to really struggle to fill all the male roles.

Please may I reserve the female from couple 2 and the male from couple 3?

Last edited by LittleMissGeorgia on Wed Dec 26, 2012 8:41 pm, edited 1 time in total. "You played a good hand M'am." - Lawrence Dominic

"I played a very bad hand very well. There is a distinction." - Adelle DeWitt

Dollhouse, S01E06

LittleMissGeorgia

Member for 0 years

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Can I please reserve Guy 1 in the gay couple? I'll have the bio up ASAP. Do I have to take a female role too? I'm a girl but I feel I play men better.

"Look, even bad years are pretty good years, I think."

-Robert Downey Jr.

Scarlet Loup

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Darn, if only the teen girl was open. XD

Can I reserve Guy 2 in the gay couple, and Girl in the having-twin couple?

"She offered herself to the big, bad wolf and didn't scream when he took the first bite."
Can you light the fire that will burn me?
AIM: bandgeekx96 / Skype: bandgeekx96

bandgeek

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Hm, if I need to take a female, I'll just take the one no one wants ;)

Scarlet Loup

Member for 0 years

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You may all have your reserves. I'll put that up as a rule, the male female thing, and I'll take a third role so I'm not breaking my own rule. :D Thanks guys!

And Scarlet if you want to take the last available male role, I will allow you to have two male roles :)

Natzalia

Member for 0 years

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Self Improvement Techniques: A Guide To A Better Life - Health Care

Most people wish they had a slightly different life. For some, the shows itself in their personal life whereas with others, they prefer to concentrate on improving their professional careers. Anyone intrigued by the idea of self improvement will find the insights of this article quite useful.

Come up with a little pep talk for yourself. Write a list of each of your good points and attributes on an index card. Take it with you everywhere you go, and go over each quality when you feel the need. Another great idea is to recite the list while filming yourself, so that you can view the footage regularly. Is there a benefit?

Speaking to a therapist or religious official can really help you out. Not only have they been trained to deal in personal growth, their experience in these issues is what makes them a good choice to speak with. They?ll eagerly listen, analyze what?s going on and help you find enlightenment. Talking these issues through with someone who is a professional will help you be healthier and happier in the long term.

Understand that there is a divide between where you are and where you wish to go. This is the best way to be able to set a course of direction to get there. If you do not know this, you are not ready to begin personal development.

Read literature that is focused on self improvement. A good book can provide you with the information that you need to get started on your journey toward a new you. Pick out a book that has gotten good reviews because there are some books about self improvement that are not written very well.

When trying to achieve personal development, failures can dampen and hurt an individual?s ego and self esteem. Approach your failures as opportunities to learn. Failure helps you figure out what you are good at and what needs improvement. When you look at it that way, failure should inspire pride in your ability to discover a new piece in your puzzle.

To keep from saying something you may regret later, count from one to ten before speaking. This gives you time to get your emotions under control. Take a cleansing breath and focus on something positive. Picture yourself remaining calm and saying only what you will not regret.

If you hope to advance your state of knowledge regarding self improvement, it can help to show a little humility. As you acknowledge that you are small and insignificant in this universe, the more that you realize your lack of knowledge. Once you absorb this fact, you will have a desire for further knowledge and understanding.

Make the important aspects of your life the focus of how you live. You will have much more inner peace if you just choose to focus on things that matter to you.

For many, there is a vague feeling of discontentment and an urge to facilitate change, but they lack the knowledge needed to begin. While a great result is only going to be achieved by you putting in the effort, here are some handy hints to get you on the road to success. Stay motivated by keeping these tips in mind at all times.

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Principal Financial launches bid for Chile pension fund

SANTIAGO (Reuters) - U.S. insurer and asset manager Principal Financial Group launched a bid on Thursday to buy Chilean pension company AFP Cuprum for $1.39 billion as part of an expansion drive in emerging markets.

Principal Financial agreed in October to use a public tender to buy Cuprum, including a 63 percent stake held by financial groups Empresas Penta and Inversiones Banpenta.

The U.S. insurer and asset manager offered 36,698.44 pesos for each of Cuprum's 17,996,300 shares, Principal Financial said in an advertisement in a local newspaper.

The success of the takeover bid, which starts December 28 and ends January 28, hinges on at least 63.44 percent of Cuprum's shares being sold to Principal Financial.

Chile's pension funds regulator has given the green light to the planned takeover of Cuprum, which has $32.7 billion in assets under management.

Cuprum shares were up 0.52 percent on the Santiago Stock Exchange at 39,000 in early trade on Thursday, outpacing the blue-chip IPSA's <.ipsa> mild 0.05 percent increase.

Chile's private pension fund system has attracted investor attention due to high returns and robust local economic growth.

Medellin, Colombia-based Grupo Sura paid more than $3.5 billion last year for the regional assets of ING Groep NV , including Chilean pension fund AFP Capital.

($1 = 477 Chilean pesos)

(Reporting by Felipe Iturrieta and Anthony Esposito; editing by John Wallace)

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